INDIAN CALENDER:
The calendar used in this article is the English or the Gregorian calender. When the year (A.D) of this calendar is divisible by 4, it becomes a leap-year and then February gets 29 days. But the century years 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 A.D. etc., are not leap years, while 1600, 2000, 2400 A.D. which are divisible by 400 are leap years.
THE NATIONAL CALENDAR
In the National Calender of India, the Saka era is used. When the Saka year divided by 4 leaves a remaindar of 2 it becomes a leap year and then Chaitra the first month of the year gets 31 days instead of it normal duration of 30 days. The year begins on Mar.22 in a common year and on Mar. 21 in a leap year.
Saka year + 78 = A.D. year (March to December)
Saka year + 79 = A.D. year (January to March)
The subsequent months of this calendar have got fixed number of days and they also begin on fixed dates of the English Calendar as stated below:
Vaisakha 31 begins on Apr.21,
Jyaistha 31 begins on May 22,
Asadha 31 begins on June 22,
Sravana 31 begins on July 23
Bhadra 31 begins on August 23
Asvina 30 begins on September 23
Kartika 30 begins on October 23
Agrahayana 30 begins on November 22
Pausa 30 begins on December 22
Magha 30 begins on January 21
Phalguna 30 begins on Febuary 20
And OTHER SOLAR CALENDARS are
The year of the Bengali calendar begins on April 14 - 15 and the first month is Vaisakha. The Calendar of Assam isthe same as that of Bengal, The Saka era used with the Bengali calendar starts from solar Vaisakha. The year of the regional calendar of Kerala begins on August 16-17 and the first month is Simha corresponding to the above mentioned month of Bhadra. The lengths of month of this calendar are of the same order as of the Bengali calendar but the months begin generally one day earlier or sometimes on the same day.
Similarly the years of the Tamilian calendar, Oriya calendar and the Punjabi solar calendar begin on April 13-14; corresponding to Vaisakha of the Bengali Calendar or Mesham of the Keralian. The months of the Tamilian calendar begin one day earlier or sometimes on the same day while those of the Oriya and Punjabi calendars begin one or two days earlier than the months of the Bengali Calendar.
The Jovian year or the Barhaspatya Varsha of South India, comencing from Prabhava which are 60 in number is used as the ear with the Tamilian Calendar, the year of which begins on April 13-14. The Jovian year is also used with the TELUGU calendar and the Mysorian Calendar, themonths of which are luni solar and the year begins with Lunar Chaitra after the new moon day falling between March 14 and April 13-14 . The Saka era starting from Lunar Chaitra is also used as the era in these areas and also in Maharashtra. The names of the Jovian Years from 1867 to 2106 A.D which begin in March-April according to the South India usage are stated below.
EVERY 60 YEARS CALENDER OR PANCHANGAM IN TELUGU
1. PRABHAVA 1867 1927 1987 2047
2. VIBHAVA 1868 1928 1988 2048
3. SUKLA 1869 1929 1989 2049
4. PRAMODHA 1870 1930 1990 2050
5. PRAJAPATHI 1871 1931 1991 2051
6. ANGIRASA 1872 1932 1992 2052
7. SRIMUKHA 1873 1933 1993 2053
8. BHAVA 1874 1934 1994 2054
9. YUVA 1875 1935 1995 2055
10. DHATHA 1876 1936 1996 2056
11. ESWARA 1877 1937 1997 2057
12. BHAVUDHANYA 1878 1938 1998 2058
13. PRAMODHI 1879 1939 1999 2059
14. VIKRAMA 1880 1940 2000 2060
15. VRUSHA 1881 1941 2001 2061
16. CHITRABHANU 1882 1942 2002 2062
17. SWABHANU 1883 1943 2003 2063
18. THARANA 1884 1944 2004 2064
19. PARTHIVA 1885 1945 2005 2065
20. VYAYA 1886 1946 2006 2066
21. SARVAGITH 1887 1947 2007 2067
22. SARVADHARI 1888 1948 2008 2068
23. VIRODHI 1889 1949 2009 2069
24. VIKRUTHI 1890 1950 2010 2070
25. KHARA 1891 1951 2011 2071
26. NANDANA 1892 1952 2012 2072
27. VIJAYA 1893 1953 2013 2073
28. JAYA 1894 1954 2014 2074
29. MANMADHA 1895 1955 2015 2075
30. DHURMIKHI 1896 1956 2016 2076
31. HEVALIMBHI 1897 1957 2017 2077
32. VILAMBI 1898 1958 2018 2078
33. VIKARI 1899 1959 2019 2079
34. SHARVARI 1900 1960 2020 2080
35. PLAVA 1901 1961 2021 2081
36. SHUBHAKRUTH 1902 1962 2022 2082
37. SHOBHANA 1903 1963 2023 2083
38. KRODHA 1904 1964 2024 2084
39. VISHAVASU 1905 1965 2025 2085
40. PARABHAVA 1906 1966 2026 2086
41. STAVANGA 1907 1967 2027 2087
42. KEELAKA 1908 1968 2028 2088
43. SOWMYA 1909 1969 2029 2089
44. SADHARANA 1910 1970 2030 2090
45. VIRODHIKRUTH 1911 1971 2031 2091
46. PARIDHAVI 1912 1972 2032 2092
47. PRAMADHI 1913 1973 2033 2093
48. ANANDA 1914 1974 2034 2094
49. RAKSHSA 1915 1975 2035 2095
50. NALA 1916 1976 2036 2096
51. PINGALA 1917 1977 2037 2097
52. KALAYUKTHA 1918 1978 2038 2098
53. SIDDARDHA 1919 1979 2039 2099
54. ROWDRA 1920 1980 2040 2100
55. DHURMITHI 1921 1981 2041 2101
56. DHUMDUBHI 1922 1982 2042 2102
57. RUDHIRODGARI 1923 1983 2043 2103
58. RAKTHAKSHI 1924 1984 2044 2104
59. KRODHANA 1925 1985 2045 2105
60. AKSHAYA 1926 1986 2046 2106
In order to determine the exact date of beginning of the months of the solar calendars of different States, first calculate the time of Samkranti or Nirayana Transit of the Sun. When the transit time occurs before midnight the last day of the preceding month of this Bengali Calendar falls on that day and when it is after midnight then it falls on the next day; and the new month begins on the day after. In other States the first day of the month (and not the last day) is determined accoding to the transit time. The this purpose the sunset rule is observed in Tamil Nadu, 18 ghatika rule in Kerala and Sunrise rule in Orissa and Punjab. When the transit time occurs before the above mentioned epochs for the capital cities of the respective States, then the month begins on that very day, if after then on the next day. In Orissa and Punjab, Telugu the first day of the month falls on the day of transit (sunrise to next sunrise).
The solar months like Vaisakha, Jyaistha etc., actually begin from the moment of Samkranti or solar transit into Nirayana Rasis like Mesha, Vrisha etc. The lunar months which have also gotthe same names begin from the moment of new moon (Amavasya) occurring after the above transit time and before the next transit. The day next to Amavasya is the first day of the moth. This is according to the new moon ending or Sukladi system or the Mukhya mana, as prevalent in Maharastra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telengana and Karanataka. These months have got two halves, the sukla Paksha and the Krishna Paksha.
MYSTERIES OF TIME:
In the world, different regions, different communities, different cultures continued to tick to their own different beat, to a different time scale. The fact is that people in different parts of the world continue to have their own perceptions and beliefs of a New Age, despite the ingress of newpapers and television. And in India, with its time measures of the four yugas -- Satyug, Dwapar Yug, Treta Yug, Kalayuga (which we are supposed to be passing through now), and kalpas (one kalpa equals 4,320,000,000 years), the perceptions of time are different too. According to a grizzled old scholar from a Himalayan village near Uttarkashi in northern India. "So many kalpas have already gone by.
We have evidence of this, for example, it is recorded that the present day Ujjain --the city of Kalidasa and Vikramaditya - was known as
Swarnshringa and Kushastali in the first two kalps,
Avantika in the third kalpa,
Amarawati in the fourth kalpa,
Chudamani in the fifth kalpa,
Padmavati in the sixth kalpa,
Ujjaini in the seventh kalpa --
I will stop here and ask you to work out seven kalpas in terms of years or centuries (4,320,000,000 years multiplied by 7) ... when we have been dealing with such large measures of time in common usuage, a millennium fades into insignificance".
Kalpa:
Kalpa can be thought of as a part of the flow of time formed on the basis of a certain period of time, based on the name of a famous person or an important event. This theory of Kalpa, as told in the Puranas, has proven to be suitable for modern scientific research. When no other nation on earth has been able to explain such a vast time system, it is a matter of great pride for us Indians alone to have achieved this honor. It is found that about 200 crore human years have passed since the last time creation began on earth. Time has no origin, no destruction. Time is infinite, its wonder is indescribable.
When the turn of this century heralded the new millennium, according to the Hindu calendar, the new millennium had already started 56 years ago. The Vikrami Samvat which India goes by is 57 years ahead of the Western Calender. Incidentally, it was King Vikramaditya of Ujjain who is reputed to have given India the Samvata era, and we are now into Vikrami Samvata 2060, the Vikrami era having begun in about 57 BC. As many of this year's calendars problaim, it is Vikrami Samvat 2060, Rashtriya Shaka 1924, Islami Hizri 1423, and the year 2003.
Historians and scholars are divided on the Samvata issue however, with the confusion being compounded by the fact that there was Vikramaditya, the legendary king of the 1st century BC and there was Vikramaditya. It who came on the scene four centuries later. "There is no trace of any such ruler round about 57 BC when the Vikram Samvat era should begin. The probem then is this: How is this Vikramaditya who existed in the fourth century AC, to be connected with an era which bigins in 57 BC existed in Malava in Central India and long after Vikram, this era and calendar were connected with him and renamed after him. This theory once again highlights the prevalence of different divisions of time in different regions and parts of the world. If you consider the whole question of "ages" mankind's concept of time is derived and shaped by dividing time. But actually time is not sequential. At the level ofthe gods or even the cosmic level, time "just is". Day, night years, centures, millenniums make somesense for people on earth, though they are still just a measure and have little social or economic impact. When you cross over into the cosmos or even into space, day or night or time in general has no relevance. The Jain concept of world chronology is interesting too. In Jainism, time is a matter of cycles, each of which has two movements. The decending one is known as "Avsarpini" and the ascending one is known as "Utsarpini". Each movement in turn, has six periods.
In the case of "Aswarpini", they are
1. Sukham Sukham or Sushama Sushama (Good Good, i.e., the best period).
2. Sukham or Sushama (Good).
3. Sukham Dukham or Sushama Dushama (Good Bad)
4. Dukham Sukham or Dushama Sushama (Bad Good)
5. Dukham or Dushama (Bad).
6. Dukham Dukham or Dushama Dushama (Bad Bad, i.e., the worst period).
The periods and stages given above the reversed in the case of "Utsarpini" Movement. Thus, there are altogether 12 periods which go to make the 12 spokes of the wheel of time and constitute one full cycle of time. It is interesting to note that the various stage are not of the same direction, with the better ages being longer while the bad and worse one are only 21,000 years long. The Tirthankars (Jain hole figures), 24 of them in each age, apperared in the third and fourth - Sukham Dukham and Dukham Sukham periods. The present era of the world is a period of Dukham which began, it is claimed, "three years and eith and a half months after the Nirvana of Mahavira".
The world is thus in for a bad period of 21,000 years since that time - so you can get out your calculators and work out exactly where mankind stands at the moment.
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